The Elaboration Likelihood Theory, Central Route - 942 Words

In the Elaboration Likelihood Theory, central route has the person carefully consider the merits and logistics of the information presented, while peripheral route has the person considers the attractiveness of the message or source. A hot topic in the news lately has been about vaccinations and the supposed negative reactions to them or that they are unnecessary. An increasing trend is parents don’t vaccinate their children, and as a result CDC has noticed outbreaks of measles and â€Å"polio-like† diseases (Saunders 2015). One study published and later discredited with the researcher losing his license linked the use of vaccinations to autism; therefore, parents would rather risk these infectious diseases onto their children than risk a child having autism. The choice to vaccinate or not vaccinate for a parent can be altered based on the use of central route or peripheral route. The parent who chooses to use the central route would research this idea, autism being cau sed by vaccines. By researching the logistics of the information, the parent would determine that not only was the lone study not factual, but it did not even state vaccines caused autism, but a type of vaccines caused autism (also not factual). The parent would learn that the researcher was discrediting the MMR vaccine, because he uses different method that was losing favor, individual shots. Andrew Wakefield used unethical methods on his patients in order to manipulate the results (Deer 2011). The parent wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Elaboration Likelihood Model Developed By Petty And Cacioppo1345 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract This paper discusses the Elaboration Likelihood Model developed by Petty and Cacioppo. The theory discusses the two ways individuals process messages. This paper also discusses how the theory can be used in making public relations campaigns successful. Introduction Elaboration Likelihood Model was made popular by Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo during the 1970s. Prior to Petty and Cacioppo the focus of ELM was primarily psychology focusing onRead MoreElaboration Likelihood Model, And Cacioppo s Theory Of Persuasion1543 Words   |  7 Pages Elaboration Likelihood Model Petty and Cacioppo’s theory of persuasion is one of the most highly studied theories, in 1986 they published an article, in which they posted that there are two routes through which persuasion can take place. One is when people have the motivation and the ability to carefully process and think about the air arguments within a counterattitudinal message, in which they use the central route of persuasion. Furthermore, when people process messages centrally, theyRead MoreElaboration Likelihood Model Critique Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe Elaboration Likelihood Model has been hailed by some as â€Å"unquestionably the most influential recent theoretical development in persuasion research† (O’Keefe, 2002). Even if this is the case, it is by no means a perfect theory. One of the most commonly cited criticisms of the elaboration likelihood model is the vacuous nature of the â€Å"argument strength† component. Although this criticism is useful for pointi ng out an area of the model that can be fine-tuned, any perceived shortcomings due toRead MoreThe Elaboration Likelihood Model Applied to Internet Advertising2495 Words   |  10 PagesRunning Head: The Elaboration Likelihood The Elaboration Likelihood Model Applied to Internet Advertising In just a few years, the Internet has established itself as a very powerful platform that has changed the way we communicate. The Internet, as no other medium, has given an international or a globalized dimension to the world. It has become the universal source of information for over 1,463,632,361 people. Cisco conducted a study, which predicted that traffic on the world’s networksRead MoreThe Theory Of Swing Kids803 Words   |  4 PagesTheory Illustrations Swing Kids offers excellent depictions of many persuasion concepts, including fear appeals, source credibility, and foot-in-the-door/door-in-the-face approaches. It also illustrates three familiar persuasion theories: Cognitive Dissonance, Social Judgment, and Elaboration Likelihood (for discussion of these theories, see Gass Seiter, 1999; Griffin, 1997; Larson, 1995; Woodward Dentà ³n, 1996). The foUowing is a brief summary of how these three theories are illustrated by theRead MoreEssay on Principles of Persuasion in Commercials1156 Words   |  5 Pagestelevision, radio, magazines, newspapers, billboards, and public transportation. In all types of media, persuasion is used; yet there is not one theory that can establish a single hypothesis as to the direct route a message takes to make a favourable judgement. In order to have a holistic knowledge about the psychology behind persuasion, seven main theories of persuasion will be examined. The Cognitive-Response Model explains that the persuasion process takes place when a person reflects onRead MoreThe Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)930 Words   |  4 PagesExplanation of theory: When someone tries to persuade others to join in thinking or believing something, a process takes place. Those receivers of the information are to process what the source is saying and in turn decide whether or not to go along with the idea. But what if people do not always process information, and what if they merely go with the crowd? The Elaboration Likelihood Theory (ELM) developed by Social psychologists Petty and Cacioppo, illustrates how persuasion, or the presentationRead MoreTheories of Persuasion1733 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience likes or prefers. The following paper seeks to explore some of the main theories surrounding persuasion. The three that will be discussed are Cognitive Dissonance, the Elaboration Likelihood Model and the Psychological Motivational Theory with special attention to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. These theories when explained in full will discuss the process behind persuasive writing or speech. These theories will be illustrated in the form of a political speech given by the fictional partyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Leningrad 1841 Words   |  8 Pageslive, and their actions. Theory shows and explains how effective the message of Leningrad is/was and how it sways the change in thinking and opinions within the American people. Communication theory is applicable to almost every way we receive information so to analyze a song with theory is following a key step in the process to understanding a message an artist wants to convey. The First theory I have decided to use with the song Leningrad is the Elaboration Likelihood Model of Richard Petty andRead MoreCadbury: the Study of Consumer Behaviour3280 Words   |  14 Pagesto separate its confectionery and beverage businesses. With almost 200 years in the business, Cadbury Schweppes will continue to prosper in the coming decades. Theories Used The whole paper will discuss about the model of motivation, arousal of motives , hierarchy needs of Maslow’s, ELM (elaboration likelihood model ) and how these theory and model apply to the improvement and expansion of Cadbury company to better understanding about their consumer behavior. First of all, motivation is basically

Primary Source Analysis The Act of Supremacy 1534

Primary Source Analysis: The Act of Supremacy 1534 The primary source I chose to research is The Act of Supremacy (1534). This was an act passed by the English Parliament establishing the English monarch, which at the time was Henry Tudor VIII, as the head of state and religious head of the Church of England. Although there is always some glamorization in the writing and depiction of historically based movies, I enjoyed both â€Å"The Other Boleyn Girl† and the cable series â€Å"The Tudors†. I found Henry VIII quite interesting, twisting both law and religion to suit his particular wants. The ideas for The Act of Supremacy document, I assume, would have been from King Henry VIII but was written by Lord Thomas Cromwell to be made into†¦show more content†¦Pope Clement VII refused this request on both ideology and out of fear. â€Å"Catherine of Aragon was the aunt of the Emperor Charles V of Spain (the Holy Roman Emperor) whose army surrounded Rome.† (http://www.durhamworldheritagesite.com/history/re formation) Lord Cromwell never fully believed in the king’s desire for reformation or separation from the Papacy, however, he knew that the king fully desired this annulment. Lord Cromwell used that information to his benefit, knowing that the Pope’s refusal to grant the annulment would turn the king against the Roman Catholic Church. The Act of Supremacy not only made Henry VIII both head of state and church but it broke ties between England and the Papacy. The Act of Supremacy was a more political dispute than theological. Prior to England’s break from the Papacy, the Roman Catholic Church had the power to create laws imposed on England and governed by Canon Law. Canon Law was â€Å"†¦ecclesiastical law, esp. (in the Roman Catholic Church) that laid down by papal pronouncements.† (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/canon+law) Also, the Catholic church was able to collect revenue from their parishioners which were then sent to the Papacy. With the creation of this Act, England revoked the Papacy’s power and declared the king head of both England and it’s church. â€Å"Albeit the kings Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supremeShow MoreRelatedRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 Pagespeople of their human rights—which are by definition universal, inherent, and everlasting. In the case of Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendent groups in Nicaragua, it also results in the denial of their collective rights. Discrimination is the act through which one social group is deprived of the rights that are enjoyed by other groups.2 Ethnic and racial discrimination have been classified as legal, interpersonal, institutional, structural, and oral.3 Interview, Helen Gà ³mez, October 2006

Marketing In business organizations Free Essays

1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The buying decision process as a general concept and as applied to commercial / industrial buyers. In business organizations, the various participants who are involved in the purchasing decision making process are initiators, users, influencers, deciders, approvers, buyers and gatekeepers. The gatekeepers are the important participants in the industrial buying process as they are the focal point for entry into the firm. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing In business organizations or any similar topic only for you Order Now They constitute the decision–making unit of a buying organization termed as the buying centre. The business buyers have the advantage of seeking the highest economic, social, service and technical benefit with respect to a market offering’s cost. The buying process begins with problem recognition- in this case the industrial buyer identifies the main need or problem which affects the firm’s business processes. The next step is Product specification – The buyer identifies the product’s general technical specifications by specifying the size, quality, quantity, design, features etc. Supplier Search – After the specifications have been set upon, the buying centre tries to examine the appropriate suppliers for its supply of raw materials. Proposal Solicitation – The proposals and quotations will be invited from various suppliers contacted and one, which satisfies the firm’s objective with minimum cost and better economies of scale will be accepted. Supplier selection – Based on certain characteristics, the buyer will determine parameters to select the suppliers based on price, reputation, product reliability, and service reliability and supplier flexibility. Order – Routine Specifications : Here negotiation on the order takes place with the final supplier selected by the buying centre. Performance Review – the suppliers will be periodically checked and evaluated on their performance in-order to identify the gap between the actual and the expected performance. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Describe how the business environment is analysed, segmentation, targeting, positioning. The major environmental factors that influences and affects the buying behaviour as an industrial customer are environmental factors like the level of demand, the economic outlook, social responsibility acts, technological and political change; Organizational factors speak on the objectives, strategies, policies, plans and systems etc; Interpersonal factors highlight on the status, empathy, interests, power, authority etc; Individual factors such as age, income, education, job designation, culture, social class etc. are the requirements to be looked upon; The overall market dynamics can be studied by understanding the levels of market segmentation. Segment marketing, niche marketing, local marketing and individual marketing are some of the ways of micro marketing. Some of the variables for segmenting business markets are Demographics where-in the industry details, company size and the location have to be decided; Operating variables which includes technology, user or nonuser status, customer capabilities in the buying process have to be worked upon; Purchasing approaches – The way the customer approaches while buying the industrial goods, Situational factors- like size of the order, urgency; and Personal characteristics – buyer-seller similarity relationship, loyalty between the firm and the customers and attitude towards risk are chief parameters while segmenting.. These are the important bases for segmenting the market in case of industrial or business buyers. Selecting one or more of the market segments, which yields better returns at minimum cost and improved profits, is known as the process of targeting. The firm could use certain patterns for targeting such as single-segment concentration, selective specialization, product specialization, market specialization and full market coverage. Positioning is what you do to the minds of the consumers. The various differentiating or positioning categories will be product, services, personnel, channel and image. Different positioning strategies adopted could be attribute positioning, benefit positioning, application, user, competitor positioning, price positioning and product-category positioning. 3)Some of the patterns for market coverage are based on the segment’s overall attractiveness and firm’s objectives and resources. In Single segment concentration – the company selects just one single segment, which implies a product in a single market. In selective specialization – the firm selects certain segments, which are supposed to be lucrative, and which are more attractive. Product specialization – The firm focuses on a single product in all the available market to spread the business risk. Market specialization – the firm constitutes on serving a certain focused market with the acceptability of various products. Full Market coverage – The firm attempts to serve all the markets and all the products considering the whole market as one globe. References – Advertising Management, Edited by R. Batra, J. G. Myers, and D. A. Aaker. New Delhi: Prentic, 1999. Marketing Management, Edited by P. Kotler. New Delhi: Prentice, 2000. Marketing Management: Planning, Implementation and Control, Edited by V. S. Ramaswamy and S. Namakumari. Delhi: Macmillan, 2004. Retail Marketing Management, Edited by D. Gilbert. New Delhi: Pearson, 2003.                How to cite Marketing In business organizations, Essay examples

Defining Project Objective And Deliverable - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Defining Project Objective And Deliverable? Answer: Introduction The 39AA is a redevelopment project in which the sections of the existing 39 AA Victorian building will be demolished and rebuilt and purpose fit to get a new look and fulfill different use purpose. In undertaking the project, project management principles and concepts will be used to successfully meet the project deliverables and project objectives. This paper begins by briefly describing the scope of the 39AA project and then proposes a project management methodology that will ensure the objectives and deliverables are met. A project management technique that incorporates the ten PMBOK (Project Management Book of Knowledge) knowledge areas is then proposed and the major impacts of the proposed project management methodology and tool(s). One chosen tool is then evaluated on the delivery of the 39AA project Project Scope/Summary To acquire the 39AA building Survey the building and the area and develop a new design for the building Demolish sections of the building safely Fresh construction of the demolished sections of the building to client satisfaction Handover of the completed project to the owner and have it accepted Proposed Project Management Methodology The proposed methodology for managing the 39AA project is the PRINCE2 Method. PRINCE2 stands for Projects IN Controlled Environments) (Adler, 2018). This project management methodology places emphasis on the division of the project into stages that can be managed and controlled easily (Tuttle, 2012). PRINCE2 has seven principles that include; Continued justification of the business Learning from experience Roles and responsibilities definition Managing by stages Focus on Products Managing by Exception Tailoring a project to suit the environment (Tuttle, 2012) The method has seven themes that include; business case, quality, organization, plans, changes, risk, and progress. The PRINCE2 methodology has seven processes that include; Starting up the project where the project team is appointed and all stakeholders Project initiation where project initiation document is put together Directing the project where how the project will be overseen is defined Controlling project stages and work packages Management of project delivery and placing formal acceptance requirements Managing boundaries of each stage Project closure where the project is formally decommissioned The project followed the following main phases; project initiation, project planning, project execution, project control, and project closure (Tuttle, 2012) Project management techniques/tools The tools to be used include the Gantt chart (and WBS), and the Project Documentation Gantt chart and WBS This is a chart illustrating the schedule for a project and defines the project start and finish dates for the project, along with the project elements in a summarized form (Kendrick, 2010). The summary and terminal elements makeup the projects Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The Gantt chart along with its elements and resources for tasks was developed using MS Project (see Appendix I and II). The project was initiated through a project integration management where a project management methodology (PRINCE2) and project management tools (Gantt and the Project Documentation) were selected as the process and framework that would identify, combine, define, coordinate, and unify all the project management process groups (Posner and Applegarth, 2014). The methodology and tools would ensure that all the ten PMBOK areas of knowledge in project management and best practices would be incorporated into the 39 AA project (Ruhe and Wohlin, 2014). Once these were done, the scope of the project was set and defined and then managed as per PMBOK guidelines (Dietmar W. Sokowski., 2015). This was done to ensure all the required tasks and works were undertaken; only the required works to successfully complete the project are included in the scope management (Roseke, 2014). These are detailed in the Gantt Chart (Appendix I) and the scope is briefly shown in the task sheet shown below; The schedule of the project was managed using the Gantt chart in order to ensure the timely completion of the project. The cost for the project is managed through the project cost management in which budgeting s done to estimate the financial costs that will ensure the successful completion of the project and the delivery of its objectives and deliverables (Ruhe and Wohlin, 2014). The budget was done through obtaining up to date quotations for works and materials as well as equipment and labor to ensure accurate project budget. An allowance was provided in the budget (10%) to take care of any emergencies and contingencies. A quality management plan was used to set the quality standards for the 39AA project. The quality document includes all activities and processes that determine the quality objectives, policies, and responsibilities so that the project objectives and deliverables are met to the satisfaction of the project owner. The project was undertaken with a recognition of the t riple constraints of time, scope, and resources, and as such the resources were judiciously allocated and used within the limits of constraints (Wilson, 2015). The human resources were managed effectively as shown in the Gantt chart, with specialists given responsibilities for tasks where they could exercise their expertise. The project team was effectively organized and managed, under the leadership of the project manager to ensure project objectives were fully met (Ruhe and Wohlin, 2014). Successful projects require effective and timely communication; communication of progress, instructions, reporting, and tackling challenges. This was taken into consideration in the 39AA project through a communications plan to manage the project communications. The communications management is the process required to ensure appropriate and timely planning, creation, collection, distribution, management, storage, retrieval, control, monitoring, and ultimately, the disposition of the project information (Taylor and Dow, 2013). All projects have inherent risks; as such, project risk management was undertaken through a risk management plan. The risk management entails conducting risk management planning, where risks are identified, evaluated, responses planned, risks controlled, and monitoring of the risks done (Landau, 2016). To ensure value for money, procurement for the project was managed for cost effective and quality acquisition of products, resources, and materials. Suppliers and contractors were selected following the project procurement management principles to source contractors, manage contracts, and close out the contracts. The procurement management was achieved through procurement planning, source selection, solicitation, and solicitation planning, and contract administration (Pinto and Venkataraman, 2013). As with any project, the 39 AA project also had stakeholders, whose management is crucial in the success of the project. Stakeholder management is the process required to identify all parties of interest to a project, stakeholders expectations, impact, and influences are evaluated, and appropriate management strategies developed to engage the stakeholders effectively in the project decision making and execution. This was undertaken using the stakeholder management document. These processes were followed, in accordance with the PMBOK and PMI (Project Management Institute) guidelines to ensure the success of the project (Young, 2013). Project Documentation This entails creating specific documents that are used for the overall management of the project (Carstens, Richardson and Smith, 2013); for this project, the documentation includes a stakeholder management document, a communications management, a change / scope management document, risk management document, and a quality management document Stakeholder Management Plan Project Name 39 AA Geelong Project Version 01 The Signatures Indicate Approval of the Stakeholder management Plan Document Approved By Project manager Approved By Project Executive Sponsor Prepared By Project Manager Revision History Date Version Description Author Purpose The purpose of this document is to identify the stakeholders, analyze the expectations of the stakeholder as well as their influence and impact on the project. This project further details how the stakeholders will be communicated with. It also details how stakeholders will be managed while undertaking the 39AA project. Stakeholder Description and Attributes Impact on Project Impacted by project Present State Desired State Issues, Risks, Opportunities Strategies for Mitigation and Action Project Owner Owner of building Very High Yes, very high Supporting project Full support and cooperation for project Communicate regularly face to face meetings, memos, telephone Get approvals, Communicate weekly, report progress every week Project Team Team engaged in project execution Very High Yes Very High Just getting started with project Full involvement in task execution Familiarization with laws and regulations on labor, safety, anti discrimination Sensitize on workplace health and safety, anti discrimination laws Contractors Main and sub contractors to execute works High Very high Contracted, understand project deliverables Delivery of quality work within time and budget Procurement, work health and safety, monitoring progress Ensure compliance with workplace health and safety Monitor works progress closely Local authorities Approving plans and issuing permits High High Kept abreast of project Issue permits and licenses on time Approval of environmental impact assessment Communicate with them and have them inspect works Communications Management Plan This is the plan that will guide information sharing and communication to the identified affected stakeholders in the project. It defines the information to be communicated, the intended recipients, the means of communication, the frequency of communication, and the person responsible for delivering the communication. Communications management plan Project Name 39 AA Geelong Project Project Manager Executive Sponsor Principal Stakeholder Date Version Version Modified By Date of Modification Deliverable information (What) Recipients (Who) Methods of Delivery (How) Frequency of Delivery (When) Owner (Person Responsible) Information on the project Project team Contractors Verbal during team meetings Share Point Memos As required, once project starts, every week Project manager Status and progress of the project Executive sponsor/ main stakeholder E-mail Memo e Portfolio By noon, every Friday Project Manager Updates on time lines Executive sponsor E-mail Memo By noon, every Friday Project Manager Agenda and minutes of meetings Project team Executive sponsor Contractors E-mail Share Point Verbal during Team meetings Every Friday at 0400 HRS Project manager Action item status project updates Project manager E-mail team meetings As needed Project Team Project Risks Executive Sponsor Project Team Contractors Project risk management document Minutes of meetings As needed, but minimum once every week (Friday by noon) Project manager Challenges and problems faced by any member Project Team Contractors Verbal during team meetings Meeting minutes Every Monday Morning at 0900 HRS Project manager Scope/ Change Management Plan This plan will be used in managing changes to the scope of the project; scope changes are inevitable in projects so it is essential that scope changes are carefully managed in order to ensure project objectives are met Scope Management Plan Project Name 39 AA Geelong project Prepared By Date The scope of the project will be managed based on the scope statement and the project schedule; however, changes may occur and this document is used for managing any changes to the project scope Classification of Scope Change Scope Change Initiated By Detailed Description of Scope Change Reason for Scope Change Effect on Overall project progress and budget What the Scope intends to achieve Reviewed By Approved/ Rejected Approved/ Rejected By (Signed) Date Remarks Risk Management Plan Project name 39 AA Geelong project Developed By Date Version Risk Description Effect Likelihood Impact Mitigation Strategies/ Control Measures Risk Profile After Mitigation Budget overshooting The budget being overshot Project being abandoned Loss of support by executive sponsor High Very High Effective budgeting Strict scope control Medium Time overrun Failure to deliver project on time Increased project costs Loss of support for project by executive sponsor Very High Very High Strict adherence to project schedule Use project management tool project evaluation and reporting Medium Poor workmanship Poor quality structure and/ or materials Owner fails to accept project Reworks Significant scope change Time and budget being overshot High Very High Detailed scope definition Quality management plan Sourcing competent contractors Constant project progress monitoring High quality materials used Adherence to local building standards Low Risk Document Review Date Sign Person Responsible Sign Remarks/ Comments Sign Project Quality Management Plan Project Name 39 AA Geelong project Prepared By Date Version Quality Metric Standard Reviewed By Date Remarks Drawings and Plans for Building Developed using BIM (Building Information Management) system and Auto CAD Meets building standards and codes for local authority Approved by local authorities Materials Pass stress tests (concrete and steel) Demolition Meet environmental laws and regulations Low noise Debris cleared from site Minimize dust and debris Construction Concrete mixed according to set highest standards Concrete tested regularly Adequate time allowed for curing Steel Meets minimum quality for physical and chemical characteristics Materials Sourced from reputable suppliers Meet safety and performance standards Works Quality and safety standards and regulations followed Quality workmanship Analysis of Impact of Project Management Techniques/ Tools on Leadership and Management of the 39AA Project Using the Gantt chart and project documentation tools required that there must be a leader (the project manager) to ensure the project scope and requirements based on the PMBOK criteria are met. Importantly, using the tools ensured that the project objectives and deliverables would be met. Tasks were developed as a team and owners assigned roles, with strict deadlines for reporting to ensure project objectives are fully met. The documentation ensured best practices are implemented, in cognizance of project constraints and the project objectives. The tools used also enabled easy monitoring of the project execution; using the Gantt chart, the project tasks, work breakdown structure, and the critical path were clearly defined, with resources and time-lines. This ensured that the project scope remained as planned in the scope statement and that the project was delivered within time and budget (Kerzner, 2015). Effectiveness The project management methodology as well as the tools used ensured that the project objectives and deliverables were met. The tools are especially effective in planning and monitoring the project, and helped ensure the best practices according to the PMBOK guides were incorporated into the project. The project management methodology and tools used ensured that all the project processes were followed and adhered to; to ensure a quality project delivery within the triple constraints and to meet the project objectives and deliverables. The project management processes that include project initiation, project planning, project execution, project monitoring, and project closure were all followed using the project management method and tools. In conclusion, the tolls and methodology were highly effective in ensuring project objectives and deliverables were met. References Adler, K. (2018).Implementing PRINCE2 Project Management Methodology. [online] Project Smart-UK. Available at: https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/implementing-prince2-project-management-methodology.php [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Carstens, D., Richardson, G. and Smith, R. (2013).Project management tools and techniques. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Dietmar W. Sokowski. (2015).Mastering Project Management Integration and Scope: A Framework for Strategizing and Defining Project Objectives and Deliverables. 5th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, pp.18-19. Kendrick, T. (2010).The project management tool kit. 1st ed. Atlanta: AMACOM, p.212. Kerzner, H. (2015).Project Management 2.0: Leveraging Tools, Distributed Collaboration. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Landau, P. (2016).What Is Risk Management on Projects? - ProjectManager.com. [online] ProjectManager.com. Available at: https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/what-is-risk-management-on-projects [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Pinto, J. and Venkataraman, R. (2013).Cost and value management in projects. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Posner, K. and Applegarth, M. (2014).Project Management Pocketbook. 2nd ed. New York: Management Pocketbooks, p.36. Roseke, B. (2014).Project Scope Management according to the PMBOK. [online] ProjectEngineer. Available at: https://www.projectengineer.net/project-scope-management-according-to-the-pmbok/ [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Ruhe, G. and Wohlin, C. (2014).Software Project Management in a Changing World. Heidelberg: Springer, p.6. Taylor, B. and Dow, W. (2013).Project management communications bible. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Tuttle, S. (2012).Illustrating PRINCE2 - Project Management in Real Terms. Cambridge: IT Governance Ltd. Wilson, R. (2015).Mastering project time management, cost, control, and quality management. New jersey: Pearson Education. Young, T. (2013).Successful Project Management. London: Kogan Page.

Leadership In Higher Education free essay sample

For a long time, America has been known for seeking higher civic and moral purposes in all its undertakings. Campus faculties have been on the run to ensure that students are equipped with the necessary tools to be leaders in the future but at the same time connecting with the current world (Hollander, 1999). The doors of universities, unlike in the past are now open to everyone including the minorities, the immigrants and even international students. The students are trained on professional and technical skills that they must posses. Both the parents and students visualize higher education as an investment and do expect returns at the end of it all. Scholars argue that a college is a place where students, in collaboration with their faculties work together to enhance teaching and learning. It is a place where one is allowed to express oneself freely but at the same time observing courtesy. According to Green and Barblan (2004), it is a community where ones sacredness in obeyed and diversity recognized. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership In Higher Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Here, obligations are carried out with no compromise and behaviors are governed by laid out rules for the good of everyone. Tpectations. Rarely are they achieved because the students are perceived as customers. The services rendered are thus compromised so as to maximize profits. Students on the other hand have a notion of just going to classes at their own pleasure, seek professors attention and demand to succeed with less strain than what they input in their previous academic levels. Others would view these institutions as places where faculties would just wait upon them and fulfill all their demands without considering costs. There are so a many challenges that face these higher institutions of learning. Over years, there has been the challenge on the quality of students produced, financial concerns, faculty frustrations and technological challenges (Saleh, Lamkim Cox, 2008). The biggest problem currently facing university presidents is production of quality students. Depending on regional placements, there are institutions branded as the best. The main criterion used to categorize these institutions is the quality of students they give. Institutions could produce some very good students based on the quality of their professionalism. Parents would strive to enrol their children in such places. However, so much sacrifices go along with this. So many challenges would be encountered in the process of trying to achieve these objectives. First is financial difficulties. The state has been deteriorating in its mandate to fund public institutions. Probably, the increase in intake numbers has led to this. The state has been overwhelmed by the numbers and their allocations for higher education have since become too limited. The little income the institutions find for themselves become very challenging as they try to satisfy the expected standards of training students. These numbers are not only affecting the state but also the institutions. Providing for the individual needs of these students become very tricky when they are in extremely large numbers. Facilities end up being overstretched and thus limited to the satisfaction of the students. The lecturers too are faced with a hard time trying to impart the necessary skills with limited resources. Technology is another challenge. Everyday comes with its inventions only to make life even better. Keeping at par with these changes has been a major concern. No sooner are new facilities acquired than they become obsolete. Similarly, lecturers are faced with the challenge of updating their knowledge so that they dont teach what they were taught but rather what is current in the world. Knowledge keeps advancing and new discoveries made every now and then. It is thus the duty of the respective faculties to educate their members of staff on proper measures to take in order to ensure that they are not left behind. The basic foundation laid on these students could also be a problem. Most O-level institutions, especially the private ones would concentrate on making their students pass and join universities at the expense of them acquiring the necessary skills. The core role of higher institutions of learning is to recognize students complexity and diversity. Without any discrimination, all students are imparted with the required knowledge. Despite the financial hardships, the presidents of these institutions should look for alternatives to make sure that these students are equipped with the necessary knowledge and are trained accordingly. The lecturers should be encouraged to find out the foundations of these students in academics. From this, they should come up with best suited methods to determine how these students would be trained. They should come to their level of understanding and with no excuse on the limited resources, provide the best for these students. They should constantly be researching in their respective fields and liaising with professors worldwide to be up to date on the new discoveries around. At no one point should the universities and colleges fail to embrace new technologies. The presidents should see to it that these technological advancements do not pass by their students. Though leading higher institutions of learning could prove cumbersome, presidents of these institutions should find the best ways possible to solve issues facing them. They should even consult with other presidents the world over to see how best they carry out their activities. At all times, students should receive quality education. REFERENCE LIST Hollander, E. L., Bringle, R.G., Games R. Malloy, E.A. (1999).   Colleges and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   universities as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   citizens. Boston, MA. Saleh A., Lamkin M. and Cox D. (September, 2008). Empirical Research. The Role of Higher   Ã‚   Education in America: A Spa or a Smà ¶rgà ¥sbord?, Volume 4, Issue 3, Green M. and Barblan A. (2004). Higher Education in a Pluralistic World: A Transatlantic View:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American Council on Education, Center for Institutional and International Initiatives.

Grammar Tips Subjectâ€Verb Agreement - Proofread My Paper

Grammar Tips Subject–Verb Agreement - Proofread My Paper Grammar Tips: Subject–Verb Agreement An important part of writing a grammatical sentence is making sure that the subject and verb in a sentence agree. In the following, well take a look at some of the basics. The Basics of Subject–Verb Agreement In the present tense, subject–verb agreement requires using singular verbs with singular subjects and plural verbs with plural subjects. In this context, the â€Å"subject† is the person or thing in the sentence performing the action, while the verb is the action being performed: Singular Subject Present Tense Singular Verb The bird†¦ †¦sings. Plural Subject Present Tense Plural Verb The birds†¦ †¦sing. In the simple past tense, though, there’s usually no difference between singular and plural verbs: Singular Subject Past Tense Verb The bird†¦ †¦sang. Plural Subject Past Tense Verb The birds†¦ †¦sang. Songbirds themselves care little for grammar.(Photo: Georg_Wietschorke) Compound Subjects Subject–verb agreement becomes more complicated when using a compound subject. When two subjects are joined with the coordinating conjunction â€Å"and,† we always use a plural verb: Bob and Cheryl are going to the game. However, when using â€Å"either/or† or â€Å"neither/nor† in a compound subject, whether to use a singular or plural verb depends on the term nearest to the verb: Singular: Either the girls or the boy is going to the game. Plural: Neither the boy nor the girls are going to the game. In the above, we use the singular â€Å"is† when the singular noun â€Å"boy† comes after â€Å"or,† but the plural verb â€Å"are† when the plural noun â€Å"girls† comes after the conjunction. Parenthetical Statements One common mistake with subject–verb agreement occurs when a parenthetical statement appears between the subject and the verb: The man, in the company of his dog, goes for a walk. Here, we use the singular verb â€Å"goes† because the bit of the dog is mentioned within a parenthetical clause (i.e., within commas), not as part of the subject of the sentence. If we rephrased this so that the dog was part of a compound subject, we would use the plural verb â€Å"go† instead: The man and his dog go for a walk. But when an additional person or thing is mentioned in parentheses or within commas, the verb should always agree with the subject that appears outside of the parenthetical clause. A man trying to explain parenthetical statements to his dog.(Photo: ToNic-Pics) Collective and Mass Nouns Another potential confusion relates to the use of collective nouns. In American English, these require using a singular verb despite referring to a group of things: The team is playing to win! Here, we use â€Å"is† because â€Å"team† is singular. Mass (or â€Å"non-count†) nouns are similar, since they take singular verbs despite referring to a mass substance (e.g., â€Å"milk† or â€Å"sand†): The milk is going sour. Here, it doesn’t matter how much milk we’re discussing: we’d always use the singular â€Å"is.† Some Exceptions As usual in English, there are exceptions to the rules above. The first-person â€Å"I† and the singular second-person â€Å"you,† for example, reverse the usual rules in the present tense (e.g., we say â€Å"I sing† not â€Å"I sings,† even though â€Å"I† is singular and â€Å"sing† is usually a plural verb). Auxiliary (or â€Å"helper†) verbs (e.g., â€Å"is†/â€Å"are† or â€Å"has†/â€Å"have†) also cause trouble, since they often change depending on whether the subject is singular or plural when using a past participle (e.g., â€Å"The boy has finished his homework† vs. â€Å"The boys have finished their homework†). And since the rules do vary depending on how a sentence is constructed, it pays to be careful with subject–verb agreement! Having your work proofread is a good idea if you’re not confident about this aspect of grammar.

Comparing and Contrasting American Families Then and Now Essay

Comparing and Contrasting American Families Then and Now - Essay Example In the times of early civilization and progress you would find the male counterpart toiling the fields for crop preparation or working in the stables, etc. The female counterpart would be at home gardening to plant vegetables, placing the family meal of stew over the fire pit, doing the laundry, milking the cows, etc (Smith1994). The position of co-head of household was a very significant position in colonial America. It required the woman to insure everything was running smoothly, that the children were well tended to and doing their studies and the house was presentable but quaint (Smith1994). In contrast to the 20th century there is not much of a difference. Perhaps the main variations that would be found would be the fact that women have more rights now than they did then but the moral values are still held in the minds and hearts of many women in this time era(Lichter1994). Colonial times involved much more detail than does the 20th century. Everything was done from scratch where today, we as women can go out and buy prepackaged pancake mix, already cut beef, eggs in cartons, etc. For the colonists this was not available so therefore the contrast here is evident. The female role in those times was even more hectic and detailed than it is now but there was a magic in it that still has spilled over into m odern times. As was previously stated, there are so many women moving from executive status to stay at home moms now. They even have resorted to homeschool methods; as back in the colonial days many children were taught at home by the women (using: Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Online 1997-2005). As was previously reverberated, while the women tended the children and home the men were left to have the burden of providing financial stability within the family. This took a lot of work within itself but the belief back in that time was that it was the mans responsibility to insure his family could survive financially while the woman secured comfort within the home for her family (using: Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Online 1997-2005). If women in colonial times did acquire work outside the home then it normally was still female related. Some positions were those of a seamstress or a boarding house keeper. There were also women who took on the forms of doctors and teachers as well (using: Compton's Encyclopedia 1994-1995). When a convergence of these two variable time eras is viewed it is found that though time's have evolved for the betterment of women in the concept of work outside the home, the same family value's still exist. Even if women do work outside the home in the current time period, they are still considered to be the primary caregivers of the home and the children. Furthermore, women aren't finding the satisfaction as they thought they would by working in more stressful positions within corporations. Though work at home and caring for the family can be visualized as just as difficult, and perhaps even more tiring, this is the wish of many women in America today. Why else would they leave the executive world in behind to be a 24/7 mom and wife They do this because they feel something is lacking in the family atmosphere, the

The Island of Plenty by Johnson C. Montgomery Essay

The Island of Plenty by Johnson C. Montgomery - Essay Example The present research has identified that Johnson C. Montgomery was the attorney general in the city of California and former member of an organization situated in America. The organization was popularly known as Zero Population Growth, and it was extraordinarily effective in fulfilling its targets and goals through the assistance of Montgomery. He later ventured in literature and was able to write an exceptionally captivating book that got the attention worldwide. The book was called ‘The Island of Plenty’ and its review appeared first in the Newsweek magazine in the year 1974. The article was clear in the assertion of its points, and consequently got some criticisms from a section of the populace who felt that it was deceitful. The article was titled My Turn on the Newsweek magazine before it was later renamed The Island of Plenty. The author of the book supports the idea that America should isolate herself from helping other countries, until the time they had enough su stainable resources. Montgomery argues that the isolation is necessary for America to concentrate in solving their internal problems first. The writer has used rhetorical devices such as alliterations, assonance, cacophony and onomatopoeia in this piece. The writer uses alliteration in to emphasize that the growing populace is the main reason why there is food shortage in the world, ‘the problem is that there are too many people-many too many’. The repetition is on the word ‘many’, which has been repeated severally in the sentences. Through this use of the rhetorical devices, he has managed to emphasize the point of an immense populace causing famine. ‘We owe to our children- and to their children’s, children’s, children’s, children’s’ is a sentence the writer is emphasizing on the importance of planning to take care the future of our children. Montgomery succeeds to show his point the use of alliteration to show the readers the importance of having a well-planned future for the younger generation. Therefore, he presents the alliteration well in a manner that brings understanding to the reader. Assonance Assonance is the repletion of a similar sound in a sentence to emphasize on a theme to that of an article being read. The sentence ‘Ample food and resources exist to nourish man and all other creatures to indefinitely into the future’, successfully show how America is well equipped with resources that feed their citizens. Irony The writer

Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Portfolio - Essay Example 79). Managing and Developing Self Before joining the university and undertaking bioscience courses, I was not able to manage my schedules and so I had to depend on what had already been planned by teachers. However, my life in the university enabled me to understand how to manage myself, plan my time for different activities and manage my work in a professional way to ensure optimal use of financial, academic and time resources. The professional attribute of the university has assisted me in understanding how to manage my work, follow instructions closely with minimal supervision, plan my work schedule well in advance and ensure that all tasks are completed in a responsible and professional manner. For example, when conducting biological experiments, I ensure that I have read all procedures in advance before commencing the real practical work unlike in the past when I used to conduct experiments without reading all instructions. However, although I am able to manage my schedule well, the only problem that needs a lot of effort is in categorizing issues on the basis of priority. In many instances, I have been giving priority to relatively less difficult issues, thus ignoring higher priority but difficult issues. The consequences have been dire. For example, when choosing elective courses, I have been choosing less difficult courses at the expense of highly competitive ones, which are in most cases difficult (OHLSSON & BORG, 2010, p. 67). University education has given me various opportunities for self-development through constant learning and being a critical learner. I have come to understand that learning is not only about gaining knowledge about a specified subject but also to develop critical skills that would enable one to solve problems, make use of the available opportunity to develop the society, and be a continual learner through a number of avenues such as the Internet or part-time education programs. Further, university education has changed my notion from being a job seeker into being a job creator through a number of business courses that have enhanced my entrepreneurial skills (POSTMAN, 1995, p. 68). Communication Communication is an essential aspect of professional development and human interaction. Through good communication strategies, it is possible to develop positive relationship with people in the learning institution, places of work and the society in general. One of the important aspects of communication I have learnt from Staffordshire University is the use of information and communication in getting sufficient information within a short time and passing messages promptly and efficiently. Since I joined the university, I have learnt many aspects of using the Internet to get information that would have been cumbersome to search through conventional means such as physically looking for a specific topic among a variety of hard copy journals. I can easily surf the Internet and get information within a shot time. Further , online libraries have assisted me in learning different topics in biology within a short duration of time and use the

Bilateral Or Multilateral International Trade Agreement With Eu Economics Essay

Bilateral Or Multilateral International Trade Agreement With Eu Economics Essay International trade is so common in todays business world. No country can fulfil everything it needs by itself, due limited resources and capabilities. There is a great need of collaborations between nations especially in this era of globalisation. A country can import and export its goods and services to other countries or from other countries. This can be done through bilateral or multilateral trade agreements, where by two countries can agree on trade or more than two countries agrees on trade issues regardless their level of development. These Agreements aims to reduce trade barriers and increase the movement of factors of production which are persons, goods, services and investments within countries. These two ways has impacts on trade when Emerging countries enter into agreement with EU countries as it will be illustrated later. As stated by Wikipedia (20101) increasing international trade is very vital to the continuation of globalization. FREE TRADE THEORIES Countries need to trade in order to exchange their goods and services as no country can be self-sufficient through local production of goods and services. There are two theories which support free trade, proposed by different economists: Theory of comparative advantage: According to Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan (2009 pg.274) in 1817, David Ricardo proposed this theory which states that countries should specialize in areas in which they have a comparative advantage. Theory of absolute advantage: This theory was proposed by Adam Smith in 1776 (Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan, 2009 pg.272) which states that countries should specialize in producing goods in which they have an absolute advantage. Emerging Countries Emerging countries are those countries that growth has come very drastically and so is the level of industrialization, whereby industrialization is driving the economies of those markets/nations. There are about 28 nations that are regarded emerging with China and India topping the list respectively. (More details in appendix 1). Supporting my illustration behind, Im delighted to mention some of the characteristics of these emerging countries. Characteristics of Emerging Countries Considering a country like India, I have realized its importance in the world due to the fact that, it is one of leaders in technological advancement because so far it has been accepted and relied upon. So, India is not expected to be a burden in the trade agreements with any EU country as itself could offer something beneficial. The second characteristic of an emerging country is labour pool availability at large. Country like China or India itself can be mentioned as those where cheap labour can be relied upon because of poor economic situation and poverty facing its people. So, this results in looking for job vacancies. Thirdly, considering production capacity as one of the characteristic of emerging countries in the sense that, it will be excited on looking for external markets of their products mainly goods and services. So far, I had heard that Brazil is the worlds best coffee producer as well as bananas. Therefore, from my definition above, I dare say that because of the efforts shown by these emerging countries in various aspects there is a great possibility for countries like India, China, Brazil and South Africa to fasten development within their countries. THE EUROPEAN UNION This is the largest and most comprehensive regional economic group. It began as a free trade agreement with the goal to become a customs union and to integrate in other ways. (Daniels et al, 2009, p.346) Why do business with EU? The EU promises for market in terms of both population and income. It is economically strong and stable so companies cannot ignore this potentiality of profit. ECONOMIC INTEGRATION Is the political and economic agreements among countries that give preference to member countries to the agreement. (Daniels et al, 2009, p.339) In other words, economic integration is similar to a situation whereby two or more countries come into collaboration especially in economic issues. From my understanding, economic integration has to be of mutual interest among the participating members. However, elements of any economy must be put into consideration so as to attract economic cooperation among different countries. These elements are inflation or deflation, rate fluctuation and money circulation. Before a country engages itself in international trade, it is wise for the country to decide on the type of trade agreement it is going to take because they have significant influence on the strategies countries choose to trade. These agreements tends to remove trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas which used to protect domestic countries from foreign competition Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan (2009 pg.54) stated there are two types of trade agreement that the country can choose from: Multilateral trade agreements Bilateral trade agreements BILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS: Is where two countries decide to cooperate more closely together, usually in the form of tariffs reductions (Daniels et al, 2009, p 339) The term bilateral is a little confusing because EU negotiate trade as on trading block, its agreement with other countries, such as between the EU and Brazil, are technically bilateral agreements (Daniels et al 2009 pg.342). EU comprises of about 27 countries. Advantages of Bilateral Agreement First and foremost, as the name itself suggests, it seems that, this is the most efficient and effective way which is also easier to be implemented by the member countries. It is easily done in the sense that, decision making process is not hardly arrived at probably due to the fact that only a few countries mainly two are in. Secondly, through international bilateral relationships it is my hope that, single member country priorities might be considered hand-in-hand with the groups partnership manifesto activities. Disputes difficulties isnt an issue when it comes to bilateral trade agreements because as I said only a few countries take part so dispute settlement wont be time consuming or quarrelsome. Additionally, its quite obvious that these countries in a bilateral trade agreement wont be negligent when it comes to environmental issues as a matter of fact that, maybe such might be having standards and procedures agreed upon so as to preserve environmental degradation. This traces a country like India which environmentally disturbed. However, the legal aspects will be adhered to because bilaterally EU wont hesitate to stop some of the dirty tricks played by dishonest countries as India and probably maybe China. For instance, document and product forgery is a common thing used to falsify business agreements. Therefore, India and the like countries will have trustworthy in globe. Disadvantages of Bilateral Agreement Bilateral accord brings forward trade diversion this is whereby the formation of free trade agreements diverts trade from more efficient exporter to a less efficient exporter. These trade agreements would bring obstacles to trade duties by adding administrative complexity to the customs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_diversion accessed on 4/8/2010 MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS: Is agreement whereby three or more countries come as one to normalize trade between the nations without discriminations, frequently multilateral trade agreement intended to worse trade barriers between participating countries, as a result, increase the degree of economic integration between the participants, never the less the most valuable way of liberalizing trade in an interdependent global economy are considered multilateral trade agreements. (K. Alex, 2010) World Trade Organization (WTO), the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the major multilateral forum through which government can come to agreements and can settle disputes regarding trade. According to in 1947, in order to remove quotas and lessen tariffs, GATT was set up. The basic principle of GATT was to forbid any sort of unfairness that occurs when trading by making each member nation to equally open its markets to every other member nation. For example, most of the times, developed nations take advantage of developing nations; GATT was established to remove these trading unfairness( Daniels et al 2009 pg.340). Advantages of Multilateral The main benefit that countries can benefit from multilateral is the equal treatment. In a multilateral trade agreement it is very easy for member countries to share common standards and procedures that have been agreed upon. For instance, the movement of goods and services from Brazil to different EU countries wont face trade restrictions, embargoes or quotas. So in this case, it will be easy for investors from emerging countries can have start-ups. Also, from my opinion, culture can be used to the maximum advantage because countries in the cooperation will be able to share the good values, beliefs and assumptions when it they aspire to achieve high development goals and objectives. However, this could involve techniques which simplify complexities. Promotion of Transparency  This also contains an equity contemplation in that the worse, less powerful countries are more likely to benefit from this transparency than richer, more powerful ones (not that there isnt much more to be done. (R.Pollock, 2003) Disadvantages of Multilateral Agreement To begin, it is not like bilateral trade agreement because decision making process is very complex in the sense that, until all the countries reach into an agreement so that other activities will follow. Such agreement mostly takes lengthy of time. Also multilateral agreement leads to trade diversification. . The main disadvantage that emerging countries can suffer from multilateral is the equal treatment between countries, this levels the playing ground while the levels of economic development is different. How can a China company that are less competent by nature though not all compete with an American conglomerate company in the same bases? Can it be a fair trade? Such an agreement is bound to exploit small economies. This agreements will not consider small economies well being and moreover this agreement will halt the success of small nation to prosper further. This disadvantage will conflict with political ideology of G8 whereby the agenda for G8 summit is to boost developing countries economies and to eradicate poverty. Due to these reasons this type of agreement is not preferable to be taken by emerging countries. Benefits of international trade agreements with the EU Technology transfer EU member countries are more advanced in technology, thus emerging countries trading with them they could benefits by employing it to innovate their business processes to increase their productivity and hence grow. Increase export Emerging countries have a plenty of raw materials used by developed counties in their industries, so engaging in multilateral agreement they would be able to export more and increase their foreign exchange reserves. Also this will improve the balance of payment of emerging countries. Expand sales of the existing product: It creates a second market and the global market when a country enters itself in international trade .hence it widens its sales by selling its active products both domestically and globally. Impact of trade agreement These international agreements have profound effects on member states both negatively and positively. Nations sovereignty is threatened to some extent as countries could be interfered on making their decision to progress economically. For instance the EU would want a certain course of action to be taken and on the other hand the emerging countries would want the opposite. International trade agreement between European Union (EU) and emerging nation would impact the culture for both parties unconstructively and optimistically. There is always a chance for culture to be diluted and enriched respectively. CONCLUSION The business environment is very dynamic the one who is quicker can take the advantage before the windows of opportunity is closed for that matter In conclusion, for emerging countries, bilateral agreements are preferred than multilateral agreements. Reasons: Bilateral is attractive because most emerging countries prefer quick results stated by Lamy (n.d.). Bilateral agreements take shorter time to reach agreement and conscious as it involves fewer participants compared to multilateral. This is good because of the dynamic nature of the businesses. Bilateral agreements is a free trade where by all tariffs that restrict trade are removed; for this reason emerging countries engaging in bilateral agreement are not bound to any trade restrictions. No need to agree with WTO members they can trade with any country they wish, so long as they share the common goal and interest and they dont block the laws. Bilateral agreements are easier for countries to pursue because it is easier to resolve issues in a smaller setting. (Daniel et al 2009.p342) It is easier to resolve and settle issue between two countries than among many different countries because each country may have its own opinion and interest hence misunderstanding can occur due to the complexity of culture.

Alcohol :: essays research papers

Should alcohol production, sale, and consumption be prohibited? I think not. For hundreds of years, man has had choices – choices pertaining their food intake, their living quarters, and their life mates. Whether or not to consume alcohol has been a choice that man has had through recent history and is a choice which I believe should remain just that – a choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There has been only one period of history where alcohol purchase and consumption was limited. During the 1920’s, specifically 1920 to 1933 (and 1917 to 1919 in Canada) beverages such as beer, gin, rum, whiskey, and wine were forbidden to manufacture, sell, or transport. Supporters of prohibition believed alcoholic beverages â€Å"endangered mental and physical health† (World Book Encyclopedia). Results of the Volstead Act, passed by Congress that enforced prohibition, were disastrous. Underworld gangs controlled the sale of alcohol in communities. Was this a sign of good â€Å"mental or physical health†? During prohibition, the cost of this illegal alcohol skyrocketed costing people hundreds of dollars. I know what causes unsatisfactory mental health for me and that is having less money in my pocket. If this was such a good idea, why did Congress reverse it?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sure there will always be irresponsible people. And absolutely the irresponsible use of alcohol has produced disastrous results. But look at me. I’m a responsible person. When I drink I always make sure that I have a designated driver. Why should I be punished by the few who can’t handle that responsibility? How about my grandparents? They believe in having a glass of wine with their dinner. Its an old family custom which has maintained by my generation. Should I be told what I can and can’t drink?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was reading Time Magazine recently and a recent study has been released which states that a glass of wine a day has been shown to improve liver function, lower cholesterol and lessen the chance of heart disease (Time – June 1999). Now if alcohol sale or production was abolished, how could have that study been done. Especially in this decade when heart problems are at an all-time high due to the high availability of high cholesterol foods, I say you do anything you can do to help. Alcohol :: essays research papers Should alcohol production, sale, and consumption be prohibited? I think not. For hundreds of years, man has had choices – choices pertaining their food intake, their living quarters, and their life mates. Whether or not to consume alcohol has been a choice that man has had through recent history and is a choice which I believe should remain just that – a choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There has been only one period of history where alcohol purchase and consumption was limited. During the 1920’s, specifically 1920 to 1933 (and 1917 to 1919 in Canada) beverages such as beer, gin, rum, whiskey, and wine were forbidden to manufacture, sell, or transport. Supporters of prohibition believed alcoholic beverages â€Å"endangered mental and physical health† (World Book Encyclopedia). Results of the Volstead Act, passed by Congress that enforced prohibition, were disastrous. Underworld gangs controlled the sale of alcohol in communities. Was this a sign of good â€Å"mental or physical health†? During prohibition, the cost of this illegal alcohol skyrocketed costing people hundreds of dollars. I know what causes unsatisfactory mental health for me and that is having less money in my pocket. If this was such a good idea, why did Congress reverse it?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sure there will always be irresponsible people. And absolutely the irresponsible use of alcohol has produced disastrous results. But look at me. I’m a responsible person. When I drink I always make sure that I have a designated driver. Why should I be punished by the few who can’t handle that responsibility? How about my grandparents? They believe in having a glass of wine with their dinner. Its an old family custom which has maintained by my generation. Should I be told what I can and can’t drink?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was reading Time Magazine recently and a recent study has been released which states that a glass of wine a day has been shown to improve liver function, lower cholesterol and lessen the chance of heart disease (Time – June 1999). Now if alcohol sale or production was abolished, how could have that study been done. Especially in this decade when heart problems are at an all-time high due to the high availability of high cholesterol foods, I say you do anything you can do to help.